16.55. rig_calibrator

The rig_calibrator program takes as input image and/or depth+image datasets acquired with one or more rigs, each having one or more cameras. It finds the relationship among the rig sensors, the pose of each camera image, and refines the intrinsics of each sensor.

This tool was created as part of the ISAAC project.

The rig_calibrator program was extensively tested with actual hardware and can model many real-world issues encountered with a rig. Its output can be used to create a fused surface mesh with seamless texture from each of its sensors.

The intrinsics of the sensors and each camera pose can also be optimized without the rig assumption. Then the sensors can acquire data at unrelated times (e.g., years apart). In that case the transforms among the sensors on the rig are not modeled, but any group of images acquired with the same sensor still share intrinsics.

The Theia package is used to find the initial camera poses.

See Section 9.1 for a solved example, Section 9.2 for a larger example covering a full ISS module, and Section 9.3 for an example using MSL Curiosity rover images.

Rig calibrator texture outputs.

Fig. 16.20 Textures obtained with the nav_cam and sci_cam rig cameras, (left and right) projected onto the mesh obtained with the haz_cam depth+image camera. The textures are nearly seamless and agree very well when overlayed, which shows that the rig calibration was successful. Note that the sci_cam pictures (on the right) have some lightning variation due to the fact that auto-exposure was used. The images show a portion of the Granite Lab at NASA Ames.

16.55.1. Capabilities

  • The cameras on the rig may be purely image cameras, or may have a depth component. In the latter case, the transform from a camera’s depth to image coordinate system is modeled.

  • No calibration target is assumed, so the image/depth data are acquired in situ.

  • The solved-for camera poses and relationships among sensors can be registered to real-world coordinates via user-selected control points.

  • All images acquired with one sensor are assumed to share intrinsics. The user may choose which intrinsics of which sensor are optimized or kept fixed, while the rig transforms and camera poses are optimized.

  • There can be zero, one, or more rigs.

  • It is not assumed that the rig sensors have a shared field of view. Yet, a surface seen in one sensor should at some point be seen also in other sensors.

  • The sensors on the rig may acquire data simultaneously or not. In the latter case one sensor is expected to acquire data frequently enough to be used to bracket data from the other sensors in time using bilinear interpolation of the camera poses (if the rig assumption is used).

  • A known time offset among the clocks of the various sensors on the rig is modeled and can be optimized. (By default no offset is assumed.)

  • A preexisting mesh of the surface being imaged can be used as a constraint (rays corresponding to the same feature must intersect close to the mesh). Otherwise one can constrain the triangulated points to not move too far from their original values.

  • Several quality metrics are printed on output, error reports are saved to disk, and for each image with its optimized camera a textured mesh with that image is created, for visual examination of any misalignments (if an input mesh is given).

16.55.2. Input data conventions

Each rig sensor should have a name, such as ref_cam, alt_cam, etc.

Each image file must be stored according to the convention:

<image dir>/<sensor name>/<timestamp>.<extension>

For example, two images acquired at time 1004.6 can be named:

my_images/ref_cam/10004.6.jpg
my_images/alt_cam/10004.6.jpg

The images are expected to be 8 bit, with .jpg, .png, or .tif extension.

If some sensors also have depth data, the same convention is followed, with the file extension being .pc. Example:

my_images/alt_cam/10004.6.pc

All such depth cloud files will be loaded automatically alongside images if present. See Section 16.55.12 for the file format.

16.55.3. Assumptions about the timestamp

If the rig constraint is used (omitting --no_rig), and the sensors acquire the images at independent times, it is strongly suggested that the timestamp be a number of the form <digits>.<digits>, representing the precise image acquisition time.

Without the rig constraint, or if all the sensors on the rig take pictures simultaneously, the only assumption is that images have the same timestamp only if taken at the same time, with the precise timestamp value not used (see also --num_overlaps).

Any characters in the timestamp string that are not digits or the decimal period will be removed and the rest will be converted to a double-precision value, interpreted as time in seconds.

The following bash script can make a copy of the images with file names of the form dir/sensor/digits.jpg:

mkdir -p new_images/my_cam
ext=".jpg"
((timestamp=100000))
for image in $(ls old_images/*${ext}); do
    /bin/cp -fv $image new_images/my_cam/${timestamp}${ext}
    ((timestamp++))
done

16.55.4. The reference sensor

With the rig constraint, if each sensor acquires images independently, one of the sensors, named the reference sensor, should acquire images frequently enough to help bracket the other sensors in time using bilinear pose interpolation.

16.55.5. Configuration file

What is known about the rig, or set of rigs, should be specified in a plain text file, with the following syntax:

# Anything after the pound sign is a comment
ref_sensor_name: <string>

# For each sensor on the rig, specify the following:
sensor_name: <string>
focal_length: <double> # units of pixel
optical_center: <double double> # units of pixel
distortion_coeffs: <n doubles> # n = 0: no distortion, 1: fisheye, 4/5: radtan
distortion_type: <string> # 'no_distortion', 'fisheye', or 'radtan'
image_size: <int, int>
distorted_crop_size: <int int>
undistorted_image_size: <int int>
ref_to_sensor_transform: <12 doubles>
depth_to_image_transform: <12 doubles>
ref_to_sensor_timestamp_offset: <double>

Example (only one of the N sensors is shown):

ref_sensor_name: nav_cam

sensor_name: nav_cam
focal_length: 621.04422
optical_center: 580.56426999999996 495.51236
distortion_coeffs: 1.0092038999999999
distortion_type: fisheye
image_size: 1280 960
distorted_crop_size: 1280 960
undistorted_image_size: 1500 1200
ref_to_sensor_transform: 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
depth_to_image_transform: 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
ref_to_sensor_timestamp_offset: 0

If there is more than one rig, the same logic is repeated. See a full example with two rigs in Section 9.2.13.

Here, ref_to_sensor_transform has the rotation (9 doubles, stored row after row) and translation (3 doubles) transform from the reference sensor to the sensor with given name, while depth_to_image_transform is the transform from the depth to image coordinate systems of a given depth+image sensor. These must be set to the identity transform (example below) if not known or not applicable. That is usually the case for the first invocation of this tool, when the ref_to_sensor_transform values are initialized based on the camera poses of each input camera (unless --use_initial_rig_transforms is set).

The value ref_to_sensor_timestamp_offset, measured in seconds, is what should be added to the reference camera clock to get the time in current sensor’s clock. Set to 0 if the clocks are synchronized.

The image_size field has the image dimensions (width and height). The distorted_crop_size has the dimensions of the region whose center is also the image center in which the given distortion model is valid. Normally it should be the whole image. The undistorted_image_size has a somewhat generous overestimate of the image dimensions after undistortion.

Educated guess can be provided for the quantities that are not known. This tool can be used to optimize the focal length, optical center, and distortion coefficients. The undistorted image size also need not be known accurately. A tighter distorted_crop_size can help for images with strong distortion if the distortion model is not expressive enough to fit it precisely.

A file in the same format will be written in the output directory, with the name:

<output dir>/rig_config.txt

This time the transforms among the rig sensors will be known, having been computed and optimized.

Such a file can be read with the option --rig_config.

16.55.6. Output files

The optimized rig configuration in the format described in Section 16.55.5 is saved to:

<output dir>/rig_config.txt

The image names, camera poses, and interest point matches are stored in the NVM format. These are determined using the Theia structure-from-motion software, and are read by rig_calibrator via the --nvm option. The optimized camera poses and inlier interest point matches will be written in the same format when this program finishes. Then the output nvm file name is:

<output dir>/cameras.nvm

In this file, the interest point matches are offset relative to the optical center. This file can be passed in to a new invocation rig_calibrator via --nvm.

The optical centers per image are written separately, to:

<output dir>/cameras_offsets.nvm

This is because these are not part of the .nvm file format.

If the option --save_nvm_no_shift is specified, the additional file:

<output dir>/cameras_no_shift.nvm

will be saved, in the same format as above, but without interest points being shifted relative to the optical center for the corresponding image. This file is is easier to plot, as there is no shift to undo, with the latter needing to be stored separately. To read this back, use --read_nvm_no_shift.

The produced .nvm files can be visualized with stereo_gui (Section 16.64.9.4). A submap can be extracted with sfm_submap (Section 16.59).

In addition, a plain text file having just the list of images and world-to-camera poses will be written, with the name:

<output dir>/cameras.txt

Each line in this file has the format:

<image dir>/<sensor name>/<timestamp>.<extension> <12 doubles>

Here, the 12 values are the rows of the world-to-camera rotation and then the world-to-camera translation. See the --camera_poses option (Section 16.55.14) for how this file can be read back in. Note that camera’s position and orientation in world coordinates are determined by taking the inverse of this rotation + translation transform.

The inlier residuals for each camera (that is, norm of reprojection errors, with reprojection errors defined as the difference of interest points and projection of triangulated interest points back in the camera), before and after optimization, are saved to:

<output dir>/<sensor name>-initial-residuals.txt
<output dir>/<sensor name>-final-residuals.txt

in the format:

distorted_pixel_x distorted_pixel_y norm(residual_x, residual_y)

The convergence angle percentiles for each pair of images having inlier matches, together with the number of such matches for each pair, are saved to:

<output dir>/convergence_angles.txt

The options --export_to_voxblox and --save_pinhole_cameras save files that can be used with voxblox_mesh (Section 16.68) and other ASP tools, respectively.

16.55.7. A solved example

See a step-by-step-example in Section 9.1.

16.55.8. Notes

Optimizing the camera poses (without control points or a preexisting mesh constraint) can change the scale and orientation of the camera set.

The output directory will have the optimized rig configuration and camera poses for all images. These can be used as inputs for a subsequent invocation, if needed to fine-tune things.

16.55.9. Determination of scale and registration

To transform the system of cameras to world coordinates, it is necessary to know the Euclidean coordinates of at least three control points in the scene, and then to pick the pixel of coordinates of each of these points in at least two images.

All images used in registration must be for the same sensor. To find the pixel coordinates, open, for example, a subset of the camera images for one of the sensors in Hugin, such as:

hugin <image dir>/<sensor name>/*.jpg

It will ask to enter a value for the FoV (field of view). That value is not important since we won’t use it. One can input 10 degrees, for example.

Go to the “Expert” interface, choose a couple of distinct images, and click on a desired control point in both images. Make sure the left and right image are not the same or highly similar, as that may result in poor triangulation and registration. Add that point. Then repeat this process for all control points.

Save the Hugin project to disk. Create a separate text file which contains the world coordinates of the control points picked earlier, with each line in the “x y z” format, and in the same order as the Hugin project file. That is to say, if a control point was picked in several image pairs in Hugin, it must show up also the same number of times in the text file, in the same order. In the xyz text file all lines starting with the pound sign (#) are ignored, as well as all entries on any line beyond three numerical values.

The dataset from Section 9.1 has examples of files used for registration, and shows how to pass these to the tool.

After registration is done, it will print each transformed coordinate point from the map and its corresponding measured point, as well as the error among the two. That will look as follows:

transformed computed xyz -- measured xyz -- error norm (meters)
-0.0149 -0.0539  0.0120 --  0.0000  0.0000  0.0000 --  0.0472 img1.jpg img2.jpg
 1.8587  0.9533  0.1531 --  1.8710  0.9330  0.1620 --  0.0254 img3.jpg img4.jpg

Each error norm (last value), is the distance between a measured 3D point and its computed value based on the registered cameras. If some of them are too large, may be the measurements have some error, or the camera poses or intrinsics are not accurate enough.

Note that the registration happens before the optimization, and that can move the cameras around somewhat. Hence the registration is redone after the last optimization pass, unless the flag --skip_post_registration is specified.

The initial registration does not change the depth-to-image transforms, as those are presumed to be reasonably known, unlike the image camera poses, which are determined normally using Theia and are in an arbitrary coordinate system. After the cameras and all transforms are optimized, including the depth-to-image transforms, if present, and if registration happens at the end, these transforms will be changed as well, for consistency with the transforms among the image cameras.

If the images cover a large area, it is suggested to use registration points distributed over that area. Registration may not always produce perfect results since a structure-from-motion solution may drift over large distances.

The software does not force the camera poses to move individually to fit better the control points. Therefore, the cameras are always kept self-consistent, then the camera configuration has a single registration transform applied to it to fit the control points. The only approach to make the cameras individually conform more faithfully to what is considered accurate geometry is to use the mesh constraint, if such a prior surface mesh is available.

16.55.10. Quality metrics

The rig calibrator will print out some statistics showing the residual errors before and after each optimization pass (before outlier removal at the end of the pass), as follows:

The 25, 50, 75, and 100th percentile residual stats after opt
depth_mesh_x_m: 0.0018037 0.0040546 0.011257 0.17554 (742 residuals)
depth_mesh_y_m: 0.0044289 0.010466 0.025742 0.29996 (742 residuals)
depth_mesh_z_m: 0.0016272 0.0040004 0.0080849 0.067716 (742 residuals)
depth_tri_x_m: 0.0012726 0.0054119 0.013084 1.6865 (742 residuals)
depth_tri_y_m: 0.0010357 0.0043689 0.022755 3.8577 (742 residuals)
depth_tri_z_m: 0.00063148 0.0023309 0.0072923 0.80546 (742 residuals)
haz_cam_pix_x: 0.44218 0.99311 2.1193 38.905 (819 residuals)
haz_cam_pix_y: 0.2147 0.49129 1.3759 95.075 (819 residuals)
mesh_tri_x_m: 0.0002686 0.00072069 0.014236 6.3835 (5656 residuals)
mesh_tri_y_m: 9.631e-05 0.00032232 0.057742 9.7644 (5656 residuals)
mesh_tri_z_m: 0.00011342 0.00031634 0.010118 1.0238 (5656 residuals)
nav_cam_pix_x: 0.098472 0.28129 0.6482 155.99 (47561 residuals)
nav_cam_pix_y: 0.11931 0.27414 0.55118 412.36 (47561 residuals)
sci_cam_pix_x: 0.33381 0.70169 1.4287 25.294 (2412 residuals)
sci_cam_pix_y: 0.24164 0.52997 0.90982 18.333 (2412 residuals)

These can be helpful in figuring out if the calibration result is good. The errors whose name ends in “_m” are in meters and measure the absolute differences between the depth clouds and mesh (depth_mesh), between depth clouds and triangulated points (depth_tri), and between mesh points and triangulated points (mesh_tri), in x, y, and z, respectively. The mesh residuals will be printed only if a mesh is passed on input and if the mesh-related weights are positive.

Some outliers are unavoidable, hence some of these numbers can be big even if the calibration overall does well (the robust threshold set via --robust_threshold does not allow outliers to dominate). See the option --max_reprojection_error for filtering outliers. It is best to not filter them too aggressively unless one has very high confidence in the modeling of the cameras.

Source of errors can be, as before, inaccurate intrinsics, camera poses, or insufficiently good modeling of lens distortion.

When each rig sensor has its own clock, or acquires images at is own rate, the discrepancy among the clocks (if the timestamp offsets are not set correctly) or insufficiently tight bracketing (cameras moving too much between acquisitions meant to serve as brackets) may be source of errors as well. In this case one can also try the tool with the --no_rig option, when the cameras are decoupled and see if this makes a difference.

16.55.11. Handling failures

This software was very carefully tested in many circumstances, and it is though to be, by and large, correct, and it should normally co-register all images to within 0-5 pixels, and likely even better if distortion is modeled accurately. (Quality can be verified as above, by projecting the camera images onto a mesh obtained either from depth clouds or stereo.)

If it performs poorly, it may be because:

  • Image timestamps are not accurate. Then try using the --no_rig option, adjust the timestamp offsets, or use tighter bracketing with --bracket_len.

  • Distortion is very strong and not modeled well. Then reduce the domain of each image by making distorted_crop_size smaller in the rig configuration, or switch to a different distortion model, or allow distortion to be optimized by this tool.

  • Some image pairs have insufficient matches, which may result in poor initial camera poses. This tool has good robustness to that when the rig constraint is used (so without --no_rig) as then the transforms between rig sensors are found by using the median of transforms derived from individual image pairs.

  • Some weights passed in (e.g., --tri_weight, --mesh_tri_weight) may be too high and prevent convergence.

  • The options --camera_poses_to_float, --intrinsics_to_float, --depth_to_image_transforms_to_float, were not all specified and hence some optimizations did not take place.

For understanding issues, it is strongly suggested to drastically reduce the problem to perhaps one or two images from each sensor, and turn on the debugging flags --save_matches, --export_to_voxblox, --save_transformed_depth_clouds, --out_texture_dir. Then, the images can be projected individually onto a mesh, and/or individual transformed clouds can be inspected. See an example output in Fig. 16.20.

One should also look at the statistics printed by the tool.

16.55.12. Point cloud file format

The depth point clouds (for the depth component of cameras, if applicable) are saved to disk in binary. The first three entries are of type int32, having the number of rows, columns and channels (whose value is 3). Then, one iterates over rows, for each row iterates over columns, and three float32 values corresponding to x, y, z coordinates are read or written. If all three values are zero, this point is considered to be invalid, but has to be read or written to ensure there exists one depth point for each corresponding image pixel.

Note that the float32 datatype has limited precision, but is adequate, unless the measurements are ground data taken from a planet’s orbit.

16.55.13. Source code

The rig calibration software is shipped with ASP. It can, however, be built and used independently, and has many fewer dependencies than ASP itself (particularly, it does not depend on ISIS). If desired to run multi_stereo, however, then ASP itself is needed (Section 16.39). See this tool’s source code and build instructions.

16.55.14. Command-line options for rig_calibrator

--robust_threshold Residual pixel errors and 3D point residuals (the latter

multiplied by corresponding weight) much larger than this will be logarithmically attenuated to affect less the cost function. See also --tri_robust_threshold. Type: double. Default: 0.5.

--affine_depth_to_image Assume that the depth-to-image transform for each

depth + image camera is an arbitrary affine transform rather than scale * rotation + translation. See also --float_scale. Type: bool. Default: false.

--bracket_len Lookup non-reference cam images only between consecutive ref

cam images whose distance in time is no more than this (in seconds), after adjusting for the timestamp offset between these cameras. It is assumed the rig moves slowly and uniformly during this time. A large value here will make the calibrator compute a poor solution but a small value may prevent enough images being bracketed. Type: double. Default: 0.6.

--calibrator_num_passes How many passes of optimization to do. Outliers

will be removed after every pass. Each pass will start with the previously optimized solution as an initial guess. Mesh intersections (if applicable) and ray triangulation will be recomputed before each pass.) Type: int32. Default: 2.

--camera_poses_to_float Specify the cameras of which sensor types can have

their poses floated. Note that allowing the cameras for all sensors types to float can change the scene location, orientation, and scale. Hence, registration may be needed. Example: ‘cam1 cam3’. With this example, the rig transform from cam1 to cam3 will be floated with the rig constraint, and the cam3 poses will be floated without the rig constraint. Type: string. Default: “”.

--tri_weight The weight to give to the constraint that optimized

triangulated points stay close to original triangulated points. A positive value will help ensure the cameras do not move too far, but a large value may prevent convergence. Type: double. Default: 0.1.

--tri_robust_threshold The robust threshold to use with the

triangulation weight. Must be positive. See also --robust_threshold. Type: double. Default: 0.1.

--depth_mesh_weight A larger value will give more weight to the constraint

that the depth clouds stay close to the mesh. Not suggested by default.) Type: double. Default: 0.

--depth_to_image_transforms_to_float Specify for which sensors to float the

depth-to-image transform (if depth data exists). Example: ‘cam1 cam3’.) Type: string. Default: “”.

--depth_tri_weight The weight to give to the constraint that depth

measurements agree with triangulated points. Use a bigger number as depth errors are usually on the order of 0.01 meters while reprojection errors are on the order of 1 pixel. Type: double. Default: 1000.

--float_scale If to optimize the scale of the clouds, part of

depth-to-image transform. If kept fixed, the configuration of cameras should adjust to respect the given scale. This parameter should not be used with --affine_depth_to_image when the transform is affine, rather than rigid and a scale. Type: bool. Default: false.

--float_timestamp_offsets If to optimize the timestamp offsets among the

cameras. This is experimental. Type: bool. Default: false.

--camera_poses Read the images and world-to-camera poses from this list.

The same format is used as when this tool saves the updated poses in the output directory. It is preferred to read the camera poses with the --nvm option, as then interest point matches will be read as well. Type: string. Default: “”.

--initial_max_reprojection_error If filtering outliers, remove interest

points for which the reprojection error, in pixels, is larger than this. This filtering happens when matches are created, before cameras are optimized, and a big value should be used if the initial cameras are not trusted. Type: double. Default: 300.

--intrinsics_to_float Specify which intrinsics to float for each sensor.

Example: ‘cam1:focal_length,optical_center,distortion cam2:focal_length’. Type: string. Default: “”.

--max_ray_dist The maximum search distance from a starting point along a

ray when intersecting the ray with a mesh, in meters (if applicable).) Type: double. Default: 100.

--max_reprojection_error If filtering outliers, remove interest points for

which the reprojection error, in pixels, is larger than this. This filtering happens after each optimization pass finishes, unless disabled. It is better to not filter too aggressively unless confident of the solution. Type: double. Default: 25.

--mesh Use this mesh to help constrain the calibration (in .ply format).

Must use a positive --mesh_tri_weight. Type: string. Default: “”.

--mesh_tri_weight A larger value will give more weight to the constraint

that triangulated points stay close to a preexisting mesh. Not suggested by default. Type: double. Default: 0.

--min_ray_dist The minimum search distance from a starting point along a

ray when intersecting the ray with a mesh, in meters (if applicable). Type: double. Default: 0.

--no_rig Do not assumes the cameras are on a rig. Hence, the pose of any

camera of any sensor type may vary on its own and not being tied to other sensor types. See also --camera_poses_to_float. Type: bool. Default: false.

--num_iterations How many solver iterations to perform in calibration.)

Type: int32. Default: 20.

--num_threads How many threads to use. Type: int32.

Default: Number of cores on a machine.

--num_match_threads How many threads to use in feature detection/matching.

A large number can use a lot of memory. Type: int32. Default: 8.

--out_dir Save in this directory the camera intrinsics and extrinsics. See

also --save-matches, --verbose. Type: string. Default: “”.

--out_texture_dir If non-empty and if an input mesh was provided, project

the camera images using the optimized poses onto the mesh and write the obtained .obj files in the given directory. Type: string. Default: “”.

--nvm Read images and camera poses from this nvm file, as exported by

Theia. Type: string. Default: “”.

--num_overlaps Match an image with this many images (of all camera

types for the same rig) following it in increasing order of timestamp value. Set to a positive value only if desired to find more interest point matches than read from the input nvm file. Not suggested by default. For advanced controls of interest points, run: rig_calibrator --help | grep -B 2 -A 1 -i sift. Type: integer. Default: 0.

--no_nvm_matches Do not read interest point matches from the nvm file.

So read only camera poses. This implies --num_overlaps is positive, to be able to find new matches.

--parameter_tolerance Stop when the optimization variables change by less

than this. Type: double. Default: 1e-12.

--min_triangulation_angle If filtering outliers, remove triangulated points for

which all rays converging to it make an angle (in degrees) less than this. Note that some cameras in the rig may be very close to each other relative to the triangulated points, so care is needed here. Type: double. Default: 0.01.

--registration If true, and registration control points for the sparse map

exist and are specified by --hugin_file and --xyz_file, register all camera poses and the rig transforms before starting the optimization. For now, the depth-to-image transforms do not change as result of this, which may be a problem. To apply the registration only, use zero iterations.) Type: bool. Default: false.

--skip_post_registration If true and registration to world

coordinates takes place, do not apply the registration again after the cameras are optimized. This is usually not recommended, unless one is quite confident that other constraints (such as using --tri_weight or --mesh_tri_weight) are sufficient to keep the cameras from drifting. Type: bool. Default: false.

--hugin_file The path to the hugin .pto file used for registration.)

Type: string. Default: “”.

--xyz_file The path to the xyz file used for registration. Type:

string. Default: “”.

--rig_config Read the rig configuration from file. Type: string.

Default: “”.

--read_nvm_no_shift Read an nvm file assuming that interest point

matches were not shifted to the origin.

--save_nvm_no_shift Save the optimized camera poses and inlier interest point

matches to <out dir>/cameras_no_shift.nvm. Interest point matches are not offset relative to the optical center, which is not standard, but which allows this file to be self-contained and for the matches to be drawn with stereo_gui.

--save_matches Save the interest point matches (all matches and

inlier matches after filtering). stereo_gui can be used to visualize these (Section 16.64.9). Type: bool. Default: false.

--export_to_voxblox Save the depth clouds and optimized transforms needed

to create a mesh with voxblox (if depth clouds exist). Type: bool. Default: false.

--save_transformed_depth_clouds Save the depth clouds with the

camera transform applied to them to make them be in world coordinates.

--save_pinhole_cameras

Save the optimized cameras in ASP’s Pinhole format (Section 20.1). The distortion model does not get saved. Type: bool. Default: false.

--timestamp_offsets_max_change If floating the timestamp offsets, do not

let them change by more than this (measured in seconds). Existing image bracketing acts as an additional constraint. Type: double. Default: 1.

--use_initial_rig_transforms Use the transforms among the sensors

of the rig specified via --rig_config. That regardless if we continue with using a rig (--no_rig is not set) or not. If this option is not set, and a rig is desired, derive the rig transforms from the poses of individual cameras. Type: bool. Default: false.

--fixed_image_list A file having a list of images (separated by

spaces or newlines) whose camera poses should be fixed during optimization. These can be only reference sensor images when the rig constraint is on.

--extra_list Add to the SfM solution the camera poses for the

additional images/depth clouds in this list. Use bilinear interpolation of poses in time and nearest neighbor extrapolation (within --bracket_len) and/or the rig constraint to find the new poses (will be followed by bundle adjustment refinement). This can give incorrect results if the new images are not very similar or not close in time to the existing ones. This list can contain entries for the data already present. Type: string. Default: “”.

--nearest_neighbor_interp Use nearest neighbor interpolation (in

time) when inserting extra camera poses. Type: bool. Default: false.

--verbose Print a lot of verbose information about how matching goes.)

Type: bool. Default: false.